Naturalization is the process by which lawful permanent residents (green card holders) become U.S. citizens. As a U.S. citizen, you gain the right to vote, obtain a U.S. passport, petition for family members to immigrate, and enjoy full protection under U.S. law. The path to citizenship requires meeting specific eligibility criteria and successfully completing the naturalization process.
Eligibility Requirements
General Rule: 5 Years
You must have been a lawful permanent resident (green card holder) for at least 5 years immediately before filing Form N-400, Application for Naturalization. You may apply up to 90 days before meeting the 5-year requirement.
Exception: 3 Years (Spouse of U.S. Citizen)
If you are married to and living with a U.S. citizen, you may apply after 3 years as a permanent resident if:
- You have been married to and living with the same U.S. citizen for the past 3 years
- Your spouse has been a U.S. citizen for at least 3 years
Military Service Exception
Members of the U.S. Armed Forces and certain spouses may qualify for expedited naturalization with reduced or waived residence requirements.
Physical Presence
You must have been physically present in the United States for at least 30 months out of the 5 years (or 18 months out of 3 years if married to a U.S. citizen) immediately before filing.
Continuous Residence
You must have continuously resided in the United States from the time you applied until you take the Oath of Allegiance. Trips outside the U.S. may affect continuous residence:
- Trips of less than 6 months: Generally no issue
- Trips of 6 months to 1 year: May disrupt continuous residence (rebuttable presumption)
- Trips of 1 year or more: Breaks continuous residence (unless you filed Form N-470)
State/District Residence
You must have lived in the state or USCIS district where you are applying for at least 3 months before filing.
Age Requirement
You must be at least 18 years old when you submit Form N-400.
Good Moral Character
You must demonstrate good moral character for at least 5 years (or 3 years if married to a U.S. citizen) before filing.
English Language
You must be able to read, write, and speak basic English (exceptions apply for age and disability).
Civics Knowledge
You must pass a test on U.S. history and government (civics test).
Oath of Allegiance
You must be willing to take the Oath of Allegiance to the United States.
Attachment to Constitution
You must demonstrate attachment to the principles and ideals of the U.S. Constitution.
How to Apply for Citizenship
Determine Your Eligibility
Review the eligibility requirements to ensure you qualify for naturalization. Consider consulting with an immigration attorney to assess your specific situation, especially if you have:
- Criminal history or arrests
- Extended trips outside the United States
- Tax compliance issues
- Previous immigration violations
Complete Form N-400
Fill out Form N-400, Application for Naturalization. You can file online through your USCIS online account or submit a paper application by mail. The form asks about:
- Your eligibility and background
- Residence and travel history
- Marital and family information
- Employment history
- Criminal history and moral character
Gather Required Documents
Collect supporting documentation, including:
- Photocopy of both sides of your Permanent Resident Card (green card)
- Two passport-style photos
- Marriage certificate (if applicable)
- Divorce or death certificates for prior marriages
- Evidence of name change (if applicable)
- Selective Service registration (for males ages 18-26)
Submit Application and Pay Fees
File your completed Form N-400 with USCIS along with the required filing fee. Current fees (subject to change):
- Filing fee: $640
- Biometric services fee: $85
- Total: $725 (fee waivers and reductions available for eligible applicants)
Attend Biometrics Appointment
USCIS will schedule you for a biometrics appointment to capture your fingerprints, photograph, and signature for background checks. You will receive a notice with the date, time, and location.
Prepare for the Interview
Study for the English and civics tests. USCIS provides study materials including:
- 100 civics questions (you will be asked up to 10 questions)
- Reading and writing vocabulary lists
- Practice tests and study guides
Attend Naturalization Interview
A USCIS officer will interview you under oath about your application and background. You will take the English and civics tests during this interview. The officer will review your Form N-400 and ask questions to verify the information.
Receive a Decision
USCIS will issue one of three decisions:
- Granted: You passed the tests and your application is approved
- Continued: USCIS needs additional documentation or you need to retake a test
- Denied: Your application was not approved (you may appeal or reapply)
Take the Oath of Allegiance
If approved, you will receive a notice to attend a naturalization ceremony. At the ceremony, you will take the Oath of Allegiance to the United States and receive your Certificate of Naturalization. You are not a U.S. citizen until you take the oath.
Important Considerations
Ready to Start Your Citizenship Journey?
The naturalization process can be complex, and mistakes on your application can lead to delays or denials. Our experienced immigration attorneys can guide you through every step, from determining eligibility to preparing for your interview.